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Tungsten
Tungsten is a valuable and rather rare refractory metal, which due to its unique characteristics is actively used in a number of industries. Tungsten has the highest melting point and lowest vapor pressure of all metals, and at temperatures over 1650°C has the highest tensile strength. It has excellent corrosion resistance and is attacked only slightly by most mineral acids. Along with an increase in temperature, the ductility of tungsten increases while maintaining the strength characteristics. Tungsten processing is carried out only at high temperatures, under ordinary conditions this material is quite brittle.
Tungsten is a valuable refractory metal widely used in numerous industriesfor its unique properties is. At the temperature of 1650°С tungsten has the highest tensile strength and perfect corrosion resistance. As the temperature grows, the elasticity of tungsten increases, keeping all strength characteristics intact. Tungsten can be processed only at high temperatures, as in nominal conditions this material is rather fragile.
Key characteristics of tungsten:
- The highest melting point among other refractory metals - 3420 °С;
- High density – 19.3 g/cm3;- hardness (HV30 >460);
- Chemical stability: up to 400°Сin oxygen, up to 600°Сin hydrogen, up to 700°Сin ammonium and about 800°Сin carbon oxide;
- Creep resistance and long-term strength (much higher than that of molybdenum, tantalum, niobium at a sample temperature of about 1100 °С);
- Thermal conductivity and red hardness: once the full red heat is reached, the tungsten does not lose any robustness after cooling down;
-
Maximal operating temperature: in oxygen-free shielding and reducing the ambient temperature to 2600°С.
Thanks to its extraordinary refractory properties and high strength tungsten is considered as the most promising base for materials and pieces expected to operate at high temperatures and radiation. Low electric resistance, thermal expansion and electron emission render tungsten irreplaceable material best fit for high temperatures. Apart from that, tungsten pieces are used in highly aggressive medium without being subject to any deformation or rupture whatsoever.
Application
Tungsten and tungsten-based alloys are widely used to produce crucibles, shrouds, heaters, different pieces, parts of electric vacuum furnaces and other units designed to operate at high temperatures:
- As jig for high temperature hydrogen and vacuum furnaces;
- For cathode production: as the base for infusible welding electrodes;
- For glass production (fusible electrodes and tungsten stirrer);
- For pressing of hot metals;
- For production of heat resistive parts of space rockets;
- As shrouds to decrease radiation emission flow in nuclear energy etc.
Parts made of tungsten alloys are peculiar with its durability, strength and high quality. Our company mastered a unique production technology of tungsten jig by welding.
Tungsten
Tungsten crucibles
Thanks to high heat resistance and extraordinary refractory quality tungsten crucibles are used in furnaces operating in vacuum or another shielding medium. Tungsten crucible is used to grow monocrystals (Read more about crystal growing machines on the website page gkmp32.com) for melting, sintering and annealing of powder materials, melting of quartz, rare-earth and refractory metals, and to deposit metallic film in vacuum (the temperature inside a furnace is over 2000°С).
Tungsten crucibles are widely used in metallurgy, metalwork, iron work and chemical industry. However, the most important role tungsten plays in leucosapphire crystal production; high density and purity, no internal cracks and perfectly smooth surface are crucial for quality crystal growing.
The key advantage of our tungsten crucible is that we can delivera customized crucible of any shape or size per Customer’s requirement: circular, rectangular, elliptic, V-shaped, cover-equipped, etc.
Technical characteristics:
- High tungsten purity – above 99.95%;
- High density – 18.2 g/cm3;
- Surface roughness - Rz 6.3 max
Tungsten crucible is reliable and durable, has a high strength and elasticity, fit to withstand high temperatures in vacuum and inert gases (up to 2600°С).
Standard dimensions of crucibles:
|
Diameter (mm)
|
Wall thickness (mm)
|
Height (mm)
|
|
30-50 |
8-10 |
<1300 |
|
50-100 |
8-15 |
<1300 |
|
100-150 |
10-15 |
<1300 |
|
150-200 |
12-20 |
<1300 |
|
200-300 |
15-20 |
<1300 |
|
300-400 |
15-30 |
<1300 |
|
400-450 |
15-30 |
<1300 |
|
450-550 |
15-30 |
<1300 |
|
550-650 |
25-35 |
<1300 |
|
650-750 |
25-35 |
<1300 |
Tungsten crucibles for melting are produced by different methods depending on their application purpose:
- Powder sintering (used for crucibles of any shape and dimensions);
- Turning (complex machining of workpieces);
- Plasma sputtering
Tungsten
Tungsten screens
Thermal tungsten shroud is a unit used to ensure the best protection of different structures exposed to extremely high temperatures.
Protective shrouds look like tungsten sheets, either riveted or one-piece. Workpieces are inserted one into another; the space between cylinders is filled with special shaped spacers from tungsten or molybdenum, or from the mixture of those.
The final structure is subject to high temperature treatment. Such heat resistive shrouds are highly thermally stable, energy effective and durable in terms of use.
Application areas of tungsten shrouds:
| Material |
Tungsten |
| Density, g/cm3 |
19.3 |
| Thermal conductivity, 25°СW/m•К |
167 |
| Thermal expansion coefficient, 25°С (10-6/К) |
4.67 |
Protection shroud can be of any shape and configuration depending on its application purpose.
Our company delivers shrouds manufactured under Customers drawings taking into account any requirements.
Tungsten
Tungsten electric heaters
Tungsten heating elements are rightfully considered as the most suitable for metal melting. Tungsten heaters can efficiently operate at the temperature of 3000ºC due to their immunity to oxidizing at high temperatures and have substantial temperature stress (namely resistance to physical damage while heating) and heat resistance (immunity to aggressive environment when heated state). The shape and configuration of a tungsten heater depends on its purpose.
Tungsten heating element is a source of heat of the machine for monocrystal growing. Highmelting temperature and corrosion resistance render tungsten heaters crucial for crystal quality control.
Among definite benefits of tungsten one can name high operating temperature (in comparison with composite materials), ability to maintain high temperatures while prolonged outgassing period (in time). The maximal operating temperature of the tungsten heater directly depends on thickness of its body plates and on chemical composition of the operating medium inside the furnace.
Shapes or heaters available:
Band
Spiral
Circular
Flat heaters have higher efficiency so basically, they are involved in complex tasks such as heating of hard surfaces (marble, granite etc.). The heating is carried out using resistive wire.
Band heates are commonly known as all-purpose devices used as part of flat surfaces with high thermal conductivity. The heating is based on contact at maximal power of 9W within 1 cm.
Spiral heaters are used for quality thermal exchange within limited space.
Circular heaters are often used to replace standard heating elements to increase service life of industrial hardware.
Tungsten heaters can be provided in any shape or dimensions depending on its anticipated application.
Tungsten
Metalwork, tungsten bolts and washers
Our company supplies a wide range of tungsten products. Tungsten and tungsten alloy pieces and parts have proved to be perfect for a long service life, first of all thanks to its peculiar characteristics.
Key properties of tungsten products:
- High heat resistance;
- High heat strength;
- Durability;
- Corrosion resistance;
-
Highthermalstabilityvalues.
We supply micro screw connections, metalwork, nuts, bolts and washers keeping all mechanical, physical and chemical properties of metal or alloy. It is also possible to supply tungsten rods of cylindric shape in any configuration and other tungsten products.
| Material |
Tungsten |
| Density, g/cm3 |
19.3 |
| Thermal conductivity, 25°СW/m•K |
167 |
| Thermal expansion coefficient, 25°С (10-6/К) |
4.67 |
We supply washers, bolts, metalwork, nuts and other tungsten micropieces of any dimension and configuration per customer’s Specification.
Tungsten
Other technological jigs
We supply a wide range of technological jig for high temperature processes.
Apart form melting crucibles and other tungsten parts we supply:
-
Seed holders;
-
Crucible supports;
-
Roller paths, roller conveyors;
-
Guide rails, rolls, shafts;
-
Drain bushings;
-
Baskets, grids, drip plates;
-
Covers, muffles, retort vessels;
-
Other items of different steel brands used for structures.
We supply a wide range of technological jig designed for thermal hardware made of tungsten of any configuration and dimension per Customer’s drawings.
| Material |
Tungsten |
| Density, g/cm3 |
19.3 |
| Thermal conductivity, 25°СW/m•K |
167 |
| Thermal expansion coefficient, 25°С (10-6/К) |
4.67 |
Tungsten
Tungsten boat. Welding of tungsten pieces
Tungsten is welded once pre-heated up to 500°С, as at the ambient temperature it becomes fragile. Plasticity of welded seams is higher after additional thermal treatment.
Key benefits of tungsten boats:
- Heat resistance;
- Thermal creep resistance;
- High elasticity modulus;
- Lowthermalexpansioncoefficient;
- Durability and strength;
- Corrosion resistance;
- Chemical inertness, resistance to aggressive agents;
The more industries develop, the more ground is gained by refractory metals and their alloys. Nevertheless, the machining of such materials is not easy due to its strength properties and refractory nature, and requires a lot of effort. Refractory alloys obtained by pressing are quite hard to be machined. Tungsten can be welded only once being pre-heated up to 500ºC, as it is getting fragile at ambient temperature. The plasticity of welded seams is increased after additional thermal treatment.
Our company developed a state-of-the-art tungsten welding technology.
| Material |
Tungsten |
| Density, g/cm3 |
19.3 |
| Thermal conductivity, 25°СW/m•K |
167 |
| Thermal expansion coefficient, 25°С (10-6/К) |
4.67 |
We supply tungsten boats (tungsten vaporizers) of different dimensions and shapes per Customer’s specification.
Tungsten
Products from tungsten-containing alloys
Products from tungsten-containing alloys are widely used in many industries. The main application areas of tungsten alloys are conditioned by their key properties. Tungsten alloys provide high radiation protection due to its high density (tungsten alloys are at least 1,5 times heavier than lead). This is the reason why tungsten alloys are duly considered as the best material to protect from gamma-radiation in comparison with traditional lead, steel, water and cast iron. Moreover, tungsten has unique combination of qualities and properties enabling to use it at extremely high temperatures. Therefore, products made of tungsten-containing alloys are widely used in many industries.
Properties:
Application:
The “NPO “GKMP” LLC ОООsupplies pieces from hard tungsten-containing alloys: plates, couplings, shafts etc. per Customer’s drawings, as well as thermocouple rod ВР5/ВР20.
Properties:
-
High alloy density;
- High radiation resistance;
- High durability;
- High strength;
- Heat strength and heat resistance;
- Minimalcorrosionsensitivity;
- Available cost.
Application:
-
Parts for radioactivity logging devices;
- Storage vessels for radioactive agents;
- Protective shrouds;
- Collimators;
- Elements of non-destructive control hardware;
- Radiation-measuring and radiation control equipment etc.
The following alloys are the most widely used: tungsten-nickel-iron, tungsten-copper, tungsten carbide. Copper, nickel and iron combined with tungsten enhance the plasticity and electric conductivity of the material, as well as its machinability.
Alternative ratio or tungsten carbide and cobalt is possible, when so requested by Customer.
Tungsten-copper
| Class | Composition (%), Cu | Composition (%), Impurities ≤ | Composition (%), W | Density, g/cm 3 ≥ | Hardness, НВ kgs/mm2 | Specific resistance, µΩ.cm ≤ | Flexural strength, MPa≥ |
| W50/Cu50 |
50±2.0 |
0.5 |
base |
11.85 |
115 |
3.2 |
- |
| W55/Cu45 |
45±2.0 |
0.5 |
base |
12.30 |
125 |
3.5 |
- |
| W60/Cu40 |
40±2.0 |
0.5 |
base |
12.75 |
140 |
3.7 |
- |
| W65/Cu35 |
35±2.0 |
0.5 |
base |
13.30 |
155 |
3.9 |
- |
| W70/Cu30 |
30±2.0 |
0.5 |
base |
13.80 |
175 |
4.1 |
790 |
| W75/Cu25 |
25±2.0 |
0.5 |
base |
14.50 |
195 |
4.5 |
885 |
| W80/Cu20 |
25±2.0 |
0.5 |
base |
15.15 |
220 |
5.0 |
980 |
| W85/Cu15 |
15±2.0 |
0.5 |
base |
15.90 |
240 |
5.0 |
1080 |
| W90/Cu10 |
10±2.0 |
0.5 |
base |
16.75 |
260 |
6.5 |
1160 |
Tungsten-nickel-iron
| Composition (%), Ni | Composition(%), Fe | Density, g/cm3≥ | |
| W90 |
7 |
3 |
16.85-17.25 |
| W92.5 |
5.25 |
2.25 |
17.15-17.85 |
Tungsten carbide
| Marking | Density, g/cm3 | Hardness, HRA | Flexural strength, MPa |
| YG6X |
14.8-15.1 |
≥91 |
≥1420 |
| YG6 |
14.7-15.1 |
≥89.5 |
≥1520 |
| YG8 |
14.6-14.9 |
≥89 |
≥1470 |
| YG8.2 |
14.4-15.0 |
≥88 |
≥1450 |
| YG8L |
14.6-15.0 |
≥89 |
≥1450 |
| YG15 |
13.9-14.2 |
≥86.5 |
≥2060 |
| HK12 |
14.2-14.7 |
≥87.5 |
≥2100 |
| KY10 |
14.1-14.5 |
≥87.5 |
≥2060 |
| YG20 |
13.4-13.8 |
≥83.5 |
≥2480 |
| YG20C |
13.4-13.8 |
≥82 |
≥2480 |
| YG20D |
13.4-13.8 |
≥82 |
≥2300 |
| YSN30 |
13.9-14.9 |
≥87 |
≥1900 |
Alternative ratio or tungsten carbide and cobalt is possible, when so requested by Customer.
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